What is cracking and why is it used

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IP Address. See all Privacy articles. See all Performance articles. Select language. What is Cracking? Link Copied. What is cracking all about? This article contains:. Password cracking Password cracking is the act of obtaining a password from stored data. Software cracking Software cracking is when someone alters a piece of software to disable or entirely remove one or more of its features. Why do people crack? How can I prevent cracking? Get Free Threat Protection Download free Avast Security for Mac to get real-time protection against cracking, malware, and other security threats.

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What Is a Brute Force Attack? What Is a Zero-Day Attack? What Are Meltdown and Spectre? What Is Hacking? What is a Smart Home? What Is Cloud Security? It will lead you to information on reforming and isomerisation as well as a repeat of what you have just read about catalytic cracking. Use the BACK button on your browser if you want to return quickly to this page. Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of hydrocarbons with double bonds - alkenes.

In fact, there are several versions of thermal cracking designed to produce different mixtures of products. These use completely different sets of conditions. If you need to know about thermal cracking in detail, a Google search on thermal cracking will throw up lots of useful leads.

Be careful to go to industry or similarly reliable sources. Thermal cracking doesn't go via ionic intermediates like catalytic cracking. Instead, carbon-carbon bonds are broken so that each carbon atom ends up with a single electron. In other words, free radicals are formed. Steam cracking is useful because it produces a high proportion of alkenes in the cracked mixture. It uses the naphtha or sometimes gas oil fraction as the feedstock as well as more simple hydrocarbons like ethane, propane or butane.

The pressure of the mixture is around 1 atmosphere. Refiners and investors also implement crack strategies against multiple products. For example, a barrel of oil into gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and heating oil. Although cracking is a common stage in the oil refinery process, some types of oil—such as light sweet crude oil—requires relatively limited treatment in order to be sold. Because of the limited amount of investment they require before being sold, such types of oil are highly sought after and command high prices on international commodities markets.

Although dozens of products can be produced by refining crude oil, the ones most commonly traded on commodities markets are heating oil and gasoline. Although their relative prices vary over time based on supply and demand , a common heuristic used by traders is that the ratio between them should typically fluctuate around 3 to 2 to 1.

In other words, this ratio assumes that three barrels of oil should typically yield two barrels of gasoline and one barrel of heating oil. When prices diverge substantially from these ratios, traders might seek to speculate on a reversion to the mean by buying the commodity that seems undervalued relative to this ratio, or selling the one that seems overvalued.

Traders may also use this ratio as a guideline when seeking to hedge against their exposure to these commodities. The price of a barrel of crude oil and the various prices of the products refined from it are not always in perfect synchronization. Depending on the time of year, the weather, global supplies, and many other factors, the supply and demand for particular distillates results in pricing changes that can impact the profit margins on a barrel of crude oil for the refiner.

This is known in the commodities market as the crack spread. To mitigate pricing risks, refiners use futures to hedge the crack spread. Futures and options traders can also use the crack spread to hedge other investments or speculate on potential price changes in oil and refined petroleum products.

Traders can either buy or sell the crack spread. Selling the crack spread means you expect the demand for refined products is weakening or the spread itself is tightening due to changes in oil pricing, so you sell the refined product futures and buy crude futures. Energy Trading. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Various methods can be used for cracking, eg catalytic cracking and steam cracking:.

The slideshow describes the process of catalytic cracking. The structure of hexane. The hexane is passed over a hot catalyst. Butane and ethene are produced. Cracking is important for two main reasons:.